Antiracism Policy

Anti-Oppression

• “寻求提供公平的方法和做法以减轻影响的行动 《十大靠谱棋牌游戏》(全国犹太妇女委员会).
• “Anti-Oppression work seeks to recognize the oppression that exists in our society 并试图减轻其影响，最终平衡权力不平衡 (反暴力计划).

Anti-racism

• “Anti-racism is a system in which we create policies, practices, and procedures to promote racial equity. 反种族主义产生反种族主义的思想和想法来证明 the racial equity it creates by uplifting the innate humanity and individuality of 黑人、土著人和有色人种”(全国城市联盟).
• “Anti-racism forces us to analyze the role that institutions and systems play in the racial inequities we see, rather than assign blame to entire racial groups and their ‘behavioral differences’ for those inequities” (全国城市联盟).
• “仅仅相信‘不是种族主义者’就能消除种族主义和种族歧视是不够的 inequities. Instead, we must work within ourselves, our networks, and our institutions 用我们做出的每一个决定来挑战种族主义. 反种族主义的实践是每个人的 正在进行的工作”(全国城市联盟).
• “反种族主义是人们和机构必须继续采用的做法 每时每刻，都在与种族主义制度作斗争.
• 反种族主义政策创造了以黑人、原住民、 and People of Color, produce targeted strategies that account for the disparate harm 造成了这些社区，并最终改善了所有人的结果”(国家联盟) of Cities).
• An active and consistent process of change to eliminate individual, institutional, 系统性的种族主义以及种族主义、压迫和不公正的原因”(国家的) Council of Jewish Women).
• “一个试图通过它来解决和破坏种族主义的镜头. 理解种族主义，偏见， and stereotyping;
  • 超越多元文化的视角，认识文化和处理差异 issues of power, justice, and equity; and
  • 挑战和消除从个人到系统的各个层面的种族主义”(国家的) Council of Jewish Women).

Anti-Racist Education

• “从反种族主义的角度进行教学，意味着帮助学生理解种族主义的起源 and guises, past and present, so they can act to disrupt White supremacy” (National Education Association).
• 反种族主义教育承诺“确保每个学生都能接受教育” 这是真实的，没有偏见的，解放的，并以一种支持性的，非殖民化的方式提供 (反种族主义教育研究所).

Anti-Racist Policy

“any measure that produces or sustains racial equity between racial groups. Every policy [(written and unwritten laws, rules, procedures, processes, regulations, and 在每个国家、每个社区、每个机构中管理人民的准则 is producing or sustaining either racial inequity or equity between racial groups” (Kendi 18).

Colonialism (US Context)

“The ongoing system stemming from white supremacist ideology that codified into law the genocide of indigenous peoples, enslavement of peoples of African descent, and 欧洲白人在现在的美国享有特权”(国家委员会) of Jewish Women).

Colorblindness

•  “The idea that ignoring or overlooking racial and ethnic differences promotes racial harmony” (Scruggs).
• “为了提高教学效率，教师必须了解文化体验 of their students, while using these experiences as a foundation for teaching. The 这种方法被称为文化相关教学法”(斯克鲁格斯).
• 博尼拉-席尔瓦在他的著作《最靠谱的十大棋牌游戏》中写道 argues that racism has become more subtle since the end of segregation. He considers colorblindness the common manifestation of the ‘new racism’” (Scruggs).

Discrimination

• “The unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics 如种族、性别、年龄或性取向”(美国心理学协会).
• 有意识或无意识地不公平地对待别人或让他们与众不同 standards on the basis of conscious or unconscious prejudiced beliefs, and not on 个人功绩的基础. 可以表现在以下几个方面:
  • 公然歧视:给予或拒绝给予群体和/或个人权利或机会.
  • 不平等待遇:由于某些原因而对某人比对他人差 characteristics.
  • 系统性歧视:导致排斥的制度性政策和做法 或促进某些团体”(全国犹太妇女委员会).

Equity

• “以公平为重点的政策认识到必须消除教育方面的不平等 outcomes of students from underserved and underrepresented populations. Such lens is color conscious and seeks specifically to eliminate widening postsecondary gaps 美国印第安人、非洲裔美国人和拉丁裔学生. Furthermore, it seeks to shift accountability to the institution rather than to the students and allows 组织可以看到什么时候政策和实践看起来实际上是有益的 正在造成越来越严重的不平等”(明尼苏达州2).
• “积极加强政策、做法、态度和行动，产生 equitable power, access, opportunities, treatment, impacts, and outcomes for all” (Minnesota State 9).
• Campus context: “The creation of opportunities for historically [and purposefully] 弱势群体有公平的机会接受和参与教育 能够缩小学生成功和完成学业的成绩差距的项目。” (Minnesota State 9).
• “The state, quality, or ideal of being just, impartial, and fair, synonymous with fairness and justice. 要实现和维持公平，就需要理解公平 作为一个结构性和系统性的概念.(南加州大学城市教育中心)
• “‘equity’一词指公平和正义，有别于平等: Whereas equality means providing the same to all, equity means recognizing that we do not all start from the same place and must acknowledge and make adjustments to imbalances. The process is ongoing, requiring us to identify and overcome intentional 以及由偏见或系统结构引起的无意障碍.” (National Association (院校及雇主)
• “Equity refers to achieving parity in student educational outcomes, regardless of race and ethnicity. 它超越了获取机会的问题，并将成功的结果放在了 有色人种学生集中注意力.(南加州大学城市教育中心)

Inclusion

• “包容性是指如何利用多样性来创造公平、公平、健康、 and high-performing organization or community where all individuals are respected, feel engaged and motivated, and their contributions toward meeting organizational 社会目标受到重视”(班尼特).
• “Inclusivity is one of the results of the battle for social justice, equal rights, and opportunity. 它是边缘人群不懈斗争的产物， oppressed, and discriminated against injustice and oppression” (Ricee).

Intersectionality

• “The ways in which systems of inequality based on gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, class and other forms of discrimination ‘交叉’创造独特的动态和效果”(交叉司法中心).
• “All forms of inequality are mutually reinforcing and must therefore be analysed and addressed simultaneously to prevent one form of inequality from reinforcing another” (交叉司法中心). 
• Kimberlé Crenshaw defines intersectionality as “a lens, a prism, for seeing the way 其中各种形式的不平等经常一起起作用，并相互加剧. We tend to talk about race inequality as separate from inequality based on gender, 阶级、性取向或移民身份. 我们常常忽略的是一些人的为人 受到所有这些因素的影响，而经验不仅仅是各部分的总和”(斯坦梅茨).

Liberation

• 少数族裔学生在大学接受教育的过程 他们首先寻求打破对学生的社会历史压迫 while simultaneously empowering them to free themselves from their own oppression” (Garcia).
• 具有解放性质的教育是教育者邀请学习者的过程 批判地认识和揭示现实. 驯化实践试图传授 a false consciousness to learners, resulting in a acile adaptation to their reality; 然而，解放的实践不能被简化为教育者的尝试 to impose freedom on learners…Education for domestication is an act of transferring ‘knowledge,’ whereas education for freedom is an act of knowledge and a process of transforming action that should be exercised on reality” (Freire 102).
• 一个行动框架的前提是结束系统性压迫的唯一途径 is by dismantling the system itself, as opposed to giving people equitable resources 这样他们就可以在一个对他们自然没有好处的制度下生存”(国家委员会) of Jewish Women).

Liberatory Outcomes

“我们的目标是与利益相关者合作，将解放教育概念化 结果，如批判意识，种族认同的发展，和社会代理 用于高等教育研究、实践和政策”(加西亚).

Liberatory Pedagogy

“解放教育始于使整个PCC社区能够客观地面对 交叉压迫的存在. 恐同、反黑人等等.) 在高等教育和批判性地思考对我们整个社会的影响. 我们将通过对个人、机构及其结构问责来做到这一点 with hopefulness for creating authentic change and liberation in the classroom, on 校园，乃至整个社会，在有意改变压迫制度的同时 通过实践，自决和衡量成功”(PCC的学术参议院社会 司法委员会工作定义).

Oppression

• “The use of power to disempower, marginalize, silence or otherwise subordinate one 社会群体或类别，通常是为了进一步赋予压迫者权力和/或特权. 被压迫群体可能由具有历史上被边缘化身份的人组成 如有色人种，或某种宗教或性别的人”(全国委员会) of Jewish Women).
• 系统性压迫是“在我们的社会结构中无处不在的歧视， like our laws, education, and customs” (全国犹太妇女委员会).

Praxis

• 一门艺术、科学或技能的练习或实践
• 习惯做法或行为
• 理论的实际应用(韦氏词典)

Social Justice

• “社会公正就是公平分配资源，公平对待所有学生 so that they feel safe and secure–physically and psychologically” (Alvarez).
• “Social Justice encompasses educational, economic, and political arenas. Social Justice is a commitment to equity and fairness in treatment and access to opportunities and 资源为每个人，认识到一切都是不平等的. 社会公正意味着 我们积极致力于消除结构性和体制性的种族主义、阶级歧视、语言歧视、 残疾歧视、年龄歧视、异性恋歧视、宗教偏见和仇外心理. Social Justice means 作为教育者，我们要对社会的集体利益负责，而不仅仅是 我们自己的个人兴趣”(加州教师协会).